Glossary

A

• Activation energy

  The energy input needed to initiate a reaction

• Acid-Base Theory

  When an acid and a base react, the acid will form its conjugated base and the base will form its conjugated acid through proton exchange

C

• Conjugate Acid/Base

  Acid: a base with a proton hydrogen ion added to it

  Base: an acid after it donated a hydrogen ion

• Covalent bond

  A bond where at least one e^--pair is shared. The covalent bond between equally charged atoms is unpolar. If the charges of the involved atoms is different the bond becomes polar and forms a dipole

E

• Electronegativity

  The tendency of an element to attract electrons. It's a periodic property, as it increases left to right, and decreases top to bottom

H

• Hund's Rule

  e^- fill one at a time orbitals of equal energy

I

• Ion

  Atoms or molecules that are charged. If there is an e^--deficiency the charge is positive (cation) and if there is an e^--overflow the charge is negative (anion)

• Ionic Bond

  Is a bond where one atoms takes an e^- of another atom due to theire difference in electronegativity. The more electronegative atom takes the e^- away

• Isotopes

  All elements with the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons

• Isomers

  All molecules with the same empirical formula, but a different structure

L

• Lewis Acid/Base

  Acid: a molecule that can donate a proton

  Base: a molecule that can recieve a proton

M

• Multiple Bond

  A bond where one atom has more then one bonding partner

O

• Orbital

  A 3D space where e^- have the highest probability to be found

P

• Pauli Exclusion Principle

  No two e^- can have the same quantum numbers

R

• Resonance

  The hybrid of two equally likely electron configurations of a molecule (s. benzene, ozone)

T

• Titration

  A method to find out the concentration of a substance by calculating the products of a chemical reaction

V

• Valence

  Describes the number of e^- missing to a certain element to reach the next valence shell electron octet

• Valence shell

  The outermost and thus the energy-richest shell of an atom

• Valence shell electron octet

  The electron configuration of a noble gas, where all spaces in the outermost s and p shell are occupied